Throughput: This measures the data transfer rate through the relay system, typically in bits per second (bps). It’s a critical performance metric as it reflects how much data can be transmitted successfully.

Latency: The time it takes for a signal or data packet to travel from the source to the destination via the relay. This is important for real-time communication systems (e.g., video calls, gaming). Packet Loss: This metric indicates how many packets of data fail to reach their destination, either due to interference, congestion, or errors in the relay system. High packet loss can lead to poor communication quality. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): The ratio of the desired signal strength to the background noise. A higher SNR generally results in better communication quality and fewer errors.